Pandas and Space Teapots Why extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
Pandas and Space Teapots Why extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence There is a phrase popularized by Carl Sagan that often comes up in scientific and pseudoscientific discussions: “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.” The phrase sounds reasonable enough, but what exactly does it mean? What makes a claim “extraordinary”? And why should we demand more evidence for some claims than for others? There is actually nothing particularly mysterious about this principle. It is something we all apply constantly in everyday life, even if we do not normally bother to do the math. Let us look at a simple example. Suppose a friend comes to visit me and, when he arrives, says: —On my way here, I came across a cat in the street. I will probably accept his claim without giving it much thought. I will not ask him for a photograph of the cat, search for security-camera footage, or demand independent testimony from other passers-by. His word is enough. Now imagine that h...